-
-
What do they treat?
-
Can they be removed?
-
What is the difference between phakic intraocular lenses and
intraocular lenses following cataract surgery?
-
You are probably not a good candidate for phakic lenses if:
-
Risks
-
What should I expect
before surgery?
-
Deciding to have surgery
-
Preparing for surgery
-
What should I
expect during the surgery?
-
What should I expect
after surgery?
-
Use the following checklist to help you guide your discussion with
your doctor about phakic lenses.
-
Phakic
intraocular lenses, or phakic lenses, are
lenses made of plastic or silicone that are implanted into the eye
permanently to reduce a person's need for glasses or contact lenses.
Phakic refers to the fact that the lens is implanted into the eye
without removing the eye's natural lens. During phakic lens implantation
surgery, a small incision is made in the front of the eye. The phakic
lens is inserted through the incision and placed just in front of or
just behind the iris.
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What do they treat?
Phakic lenses are used to correct refractive errors,
errors in the eye's focusing power. Currently all phakic lenses approved by the
FDA are for the correction of nearsightedness (myopia).
The cornea and natural lens of
the eye focus light to create an image on the retina, much like the way the lens
of a camera focuses light to create an image on film. The bending and focusing
of light is also known as refraction. Imperfections in the focusing power of the
eye, called refractive errors, cause images on the retina to be out of focus or
blurred.
People that are nearsighted have
more difficulty seeing distant objects than near objects. For these people, the
images of distant objects come to focus in front of the retina instead of on the
retina.
Ideally, phakic lenses cause light entering
the eye to be focused on the retina providing clear distance vision without
the aid of glasses or contact lenses.
Surgery is not required to
correct nearsightedness. You can wear glasses or contact lenses instead to
correct your vision. Depending on how nearsighted you are, and other conditions
of your eye, other refractive surgery (surgery to correct refractive errors)
options may be available to you, including PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy) and
LASIK (Laser Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis).
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Can they be removed?
Phakic lenses are intended to be
permanent. While the lenses can be surgically removed, return to your previous
level of vision or condition of your eye cannot be guaranteed.
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|
What is the difference between phakic intraocular lenses and intraocular
lenses following cataract surgery?
Phakic intraocular lenses are
implanted in the eye without removing the natural lens. This is in contrast
to intraocular lenses that are implanted into eyes after the eye's cloudy
natural lens (cataract) has been removed during cataract surgery.
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-
You are
not an adult. There are no phakic
lenses approved by the FDA for persons under the age of 21.
-
You are
not a risk taker. Certain complications
are unavoidable in a percentage of patients, and there are no
long-term data available for phakic lenses.
-
You
required a change in your contact lens or glasses prescription in the
last 6 to 12 months in order to obtain the best possible vision for
you. This is called refractive
instability. Patients who are:
-
in their early 20s or
younger,
-
whose hormones are
fluctuating due to disease such as diabetes,
-
who are pregnant or
breastfeeding, or
-
who are taking
medications that may cause fluctuations in vision,
are more likely to have
refractive instability and should discuss the possible additional
risks with their doctor.
-
You may
jeopardize your career. Some jobs
prohibit certain refractive procedures. Be sure to check with your
employer/professional society/military service before undergoing any
procedure.
-
Cost is
an issue. Most medical insurance will
not pay for refractive surgery.
-
You have
a disease or are on medications that may affect wound healing.
Certain conditions, such as autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis), immunodeficiency states (e.g., HIV) and
diabetes, and some medications (e.g., retinoic acid and steroids) may
prevent proper healing after intraocular surgery.
-
You have
a low endothelial cell count or abnormal endothelial cells.
If the cells that pump the fluid out of your cornea, the endothelial
cells, are low in number relative to your age, or if your endothelial
cells are abnormal, you have a higher risk of developing a cloudy
cornea and requiring a corneal transplant.
-
You
actively participate in sports with a high risk of eye trauma.
Your eye may be more susceptible to damage should you receive a blow
to the face or eye, such as a blow to the head during boxing or hit in
the eye by a ball during baseball. Your eye may be more susceptible to
rupture or retinal detachment, and the phakic lens may dislocate.
-
You only
have one eye with potentially good vision.
If you only have one eye with good vision with glasses
or contact lenses, due to disease, irreparable damage, or amblyopia
(eye with poor vision since childhood that cannot be corrected with
glasses or contact lenses), you and your doctor should consider the
risk of possible damage and/or loss of vision to your better eye as a
result phakic lens implantation.
-
You have
large pupils. If your pupil dilates in
low lighting conditions to a size that is larger than the size of the
lens, you have a higher risk of experiencing visual disturbances after
surgery that may affect your ability to function comfortably or
normally under such conditions (e.g., while driving at night).
-
You have
a shallow anterior chamber. If the
space between the cornea and the iris, the anterior chamber, is
narrow, you have a higher risk of developing complications, such as
greater endothelial cell loss, due to implantation of the phakic lens.
-
You have
an abnormal iris. If your pupil is
irregularly shaped you have a higher risk of developing visual
disturbances.
-
You have
had uveitis. If you have had
inflammation in your eye, you may have a recurrence or worsening of
your disease and/or may develop additional complications, such as
glaucoma, as a result of surgery.
-
You have
had problems with the posterior part of your eye.
If you have had any problems in the back part of your
eye or are at risk for such problems, for example, proliferative
diabetic retinopathy (growth of abnormal vessels in the back of the
eye due to diabetes) or retinal detachment, you may not be a good
candidate for phakic lens implantation. The phakic lens may not allow
your eye doctor to get a clear view of the back part of your eye,
preventing or delaying detection of a new or worsening problem, and/or
the phakic lens may prevent or make treatment of a problem in the back
of your eye more difficult.
The safety and
effectiveness of phakic lenses have NOT been studied in patients with
certain conditions. If any of the following apply to you, make sure you
discuss them with your doctor:
-
You have
glaucoma (damage to the nerve of the
eye resulting in loss of peripheral and then central vision due to too
high pressure inside the eye), ocular hypertension
(high eye pressure), or glaucoma suspect (some
indications, but not clear, that patient has glaucoma). You may have a
higher risk of developing or worsening of glaucoma as a result of
phakic lens implantation.
-
You have
pseudoexfoliation syndrome (abnormal
deposits of material in the eye visible on the structures in the front
part of the eye, such as on the front of the natural lens and the back
of the cornea). This syndrome is associated with glaucoma and weakness
of the structures holding the natural lens in place (the zonules). You
may have a higher risk of surgical complications and/or complications
after surgery if you have this syndrome.
-
You have had an
eye injury or previous eye surgery.
-
Your need
for visual correction is outside the range for which the phakic lens
has been approved. Ask your eye doctor
if the phakic lens that he or she recommends for you has been approved
to treat your refractive error and/or check
FDA-Approved Phakic Lenses for the approved refractive range.
-
You are
over the age of 45 years old. Some
phakic lenses have not been studied in patients over the age of 45.
|
Implanting a phakic
lens involves a surgical procedure. As in any other medical
procedure, there are risks involved. That's why it is important for
you to understand the limitations and potential risks of phakic
intraocular lens implant surgery.
Before undergoing
surgery for implantation of a phakic intraocular lens, you should
carefully weigh the risks and benefits and try to avoid being
influenced by other people encouraging you to do it.
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-
You
may lose vision. Some patients lose
vision as a result of phakic lens implant surgery that cannot be
corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or another surgery. The
amount of vision loss may be severe.
-
You
may develop debilitating visual symptoms.
Some patients develop glare, halos, double vision, and/or
decreased vision in situations of low level lighting that can
cause difficulty with performing tasks, such as driving,
particularly at night or under foggy conditions.
-
You
may need additional eye surgery to reposition, replace or remove
the phakic lens implant. These
surgeries may be necessary for your safety or to improve your
visual function. If the lens power is not right, then a phakic
lens exchange may be needed. You may also have to have the lens
repositioned, removed, or replaced, if the lens does not stay in
the right place, is not the right size, and/or causes debilitating
visual symptoms. Every additional surgical procedure has its own
risks.
-
You
may be under treated or over treated.
A significant proportion of treated patients do not achieve 20/20
vision after surgery. The power of the implanted phakic lens may
be too strong or too weak. This is because of the difficulties
with determining exactly what power lens you need. This means that
you will probably still need glasses or contact lenses to perform
at least some tasks. For example, you may need glasses for
reading, even if you did not need them before surgery. This also
means that you may need a second surgery to replace the lens with
another, if the power of the originally implanted lens was too far
from what you needed.
-
You
may develop increased intraocular pressure.
You may experience increased pressure inside the eye after
surgery, which may require surgery or medication to control. You
may need long-term treatment with glaucoma medications. If the
pressure is too high for too long, you may lose vision.
-
Your
cornea may become cloudy. The
endothelial cells of your cornea are a thin layer of cells
responsible for pumping fluid out of the cornea to keep it clear.
If the endothelial cells become too few in number, the endothelial
cell pump will fail and the cornea will become cloudy, resulting
in loss of vision. You start with a certain number of cells at
birth, and this number continuously decreases as you age, since
these cells are not replenished. Normally, you die from old age
before the number of endothelial cells becomes so low that your
cornea becomes cloudy. Some lens designs have shown that their
implantation causes endothelial cells to be lost at a faster rate
than normal. If the number of endothelial cells drops too low and
your cornea becomes cloudy, you will lose vision and you may
require a corneal transplant in order to see more clearly.
-
You
may develop a cataract. You may get
a cataract, clouding of the natural lens. The amount of time for a
cataract to develop can vary greatly. If the cataract develops and
progresses enough to significantly decrease your vision, you may
require cataract surgery during which both the natural and the
phakic lenses will have to be removed.
-
You
may develop a retinal detachment.
The retina is the tissue that lines the inside of the back of your
eyeball. It contains the light-sensing cells that collect and send
images to your brain, much like the film in a camera. The risk of
the retina becoming detached from the back of the eye increases
after intraocular surgery. It is not known at this time by how
much your risk of retinal detachment will increase as a result of
phakic intraocular lens implantation surgery.
-
You
may experience infection, bleeding, or severe inflammation (pain,
redness, and decreased vision).
These are rare complications that can sometimes lead to permanent
loss of vision or loss of the eye.
-
Long-term data is not available.
Phakic lenses are a new technology and have only recently been
approved by the FDA. Therefore, there may be other risks to having
phakic lenses implanted that we don't yet know about.
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|
Initial Visit
Before deciding to
have phakic intraocular lens implantation surgery, you will need an
initial examination to make sure your eye is healthy and suitable
for surgery. Your doctor will take a complete history about your
medical and eye health and perform a thorough examination of both
eyes, which will include measurements of your pupils, anterior
chamber depth (the distance between your cornea and iris), and
endothelial cell counts (the number of cells on the back of your
cornea).
If you
wear contact lenses, your doctor may
ask you to stop wearing them before your initial examination (from
the day of to a few weeks before), so that your refraction (measure
of how much your eye bends light) and central keratometry readings
(measure of how much the cornea curves) are more accurate.
At this time,
you should tell your doctor if you:
-
take any
medications, including over-the-counter medications, vitamins and
other supplements
-
have any allergies
-
have had any eye
conditions
-
have undergone any
previous eye surgery
-
have had any
medical conditions.
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To help you decide
whether phakic lenses are right for you, talk to your doctor about
your expectations and whether there are elements of your medical
history, eye history, or eye examination that might increase your
risk or prevent you from having the outcome you expect (Are
Phakic Lenses for you?). For ideas of what to ask your doctor,
see
Questions for Your Doctor. Before you sign an informed consent
document (a form giving permission to your doctor to operate on your
eye), you should discuss with your doctor:
-
whether you are a
good candidate,
-
what are the risks,
benefits and alternatives of the surgery,
-
what you should
expect before, during and after surgery, and
-
what your
responsibilities will be before, during and after surgery.
You should have the
opportunity to ask your doctor questions during this discussion. Ask
your doctor for the Patient Labeling of the lens that he or she
recommends for you. Give yourself plenty of time to think about the
risk/benefit discussion, to review any informational literature
provided by your doctor, and to have any additional questions
answered by your doctor before deciding to go through with surgery
and before signing the informed consent document. You should not
feel pressured by anyone to make a decision about having surgery.
Carefully consider the pros and cons.
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Within weeks of
surgery
About one to two
weeks before surgery, your eye doctor may schedule you for a
laser iridotomy to prepare your eye for implantation of the
phakic lens. Before the procedure, your eye doctor may put drops in
your eye to make the pupil small and to numb the eye. While you are
seated, you doctor will rest a large lens on your eye. He or she
will then make a small hole (or holes) in the extreme outer edge of
the iris (the colored part of your eye) with a laser. This hole
(holes) are to prevent fluid buildup and pressure in the back
chamber of your eye after phakic lens implantation surgery. This
procedure is usually performed in an office or clinic setting, not
in an operating room, and usually only takes a few minutes.
After the iridotomy
procedure, the doctor may have you wait around awhile before
checking your eye pressure and letting you go home. The procedure
should not prevent you from driving home, but you should check with
your eye doctor when you schedule your appointment. You will be
given a prescription for steroid drops to put in your eye at home
for several days to reduce inflammation from the iridotomy
procedure. It is important that you follow all instructions your
doctor gives you after the iridotomy procedure.
Possible
complications of laser iridotomy include:
-
iritis
(inflammation in the front part of the eye)
-
increase in eye
pressure (usually within 1 to 4 hours after the procedure)
-
cataract (clouding
of the natural lens) from the laser
-
hyphema (bleeding
into the anterior chamber of the eye, behind the cornea and in
front of the iris, that can cause high pressure inside the eye)
-
injury to the
cornea from the laser that can result in clouding of the cornea
-
incomplete opening
of the hole all the way through the iris
-
closure of the new
opening
-
rarely, retinal
burns
Your doctor may ask
you to stop wearing contact lenses before your
surgery (anywhere from the day of the surgery to a few weeks
before).
Before your surgery,
your eye doctor may ask you to temporarily stop taking
certain medications that increase the risk of bleeding
during surgery. How long before surgery you may need to stop these
medications depends upon which medications you are using and the
conditions they are treating. You and your eye doctor may need to
discuss stopping certain medications with the doctor who prescribed
them, since you may need some of these medications to prevent
life-threatening events. For example, you may need medications that
stop blood clotting to keep from having a stroke.
Within days of
surgery
Your doctor may give
you prescriptions for antibiotic drops to prevent
infection and/or anti-inflammatory drops to prevent inflammation to
put in your eye for a few days before surgery.
Arrange
for transportation to and from
surgery and to your follow-up doctor's appointment the day after
surgery, since you will be unable to drive. Your doctor will let you
know when it is safe for you to drive again.
Your eye doctor will
probably tell you not to eat or drink anything
after midnight the night before your surgery.
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The Day of Surgery
Just before surgery,
drops will be put in your eye. You will have to lie down for the
surgery and remain still. If you cannot lie down flat on your back,
you may not be a good candidate for this surgery. Usually, patients
are not put to sleep for this type of surgery, but you may be given
a sedative or other medication to make you relax and an i.v. may be
started. Your doctor may inject medication around the eye to numb
the eye. The doctor also may give you an injection around the eye to
also prevent you from being able to move your eye or see out of your
eye. You will have to ask your doctor to find out exactly which of
these types of anesthesia will be used in your case. Your eye and
the surrounding area will be cleaned and an instrument called a lid
speculum will be used to hold your eyelids open.
The doctor will make an incision in your
cornea, sclera (the white part of your eye), or limbus (where the
cornea meets the sclera). He or she will place a lubricant into your
eye to help protect the back of the cornea (the endothelial cells)
during the insertion of the phakic lens. The doctor will insert the
phakic lens through the incision in the eye into the anterior
chamber, behind the cornea and in front of the iris. Depending upon
the type of phakic lens, the doctor will either attach the lens to
the front of the iris in the anterior chamber of the eye or move it
through the pupil into position behind the iris and in front of the
lens in the posterior chamber of the eye. The doctor will remove the
lubricant and may close the incision with tiny stitches, depending
upon the type of incision. Your doctor will place some eye drops or
ointment in your eye and cover your eye with a patch and/or a
shield. The surgery will probably take around 30 minutes.
After the surgery is
over, you may be brought to a recovery room for a couple of hours
before you will be allowed to go home. You will be given
prescriptions for antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drops to use at
home as directed. You will be given an Implant Identification Card,
which you should keep as a permanent record of the lens that was
implanted in your eye. Make sure you show this card to anyone who
takes care of your eyes in the future. You will be asked to go home
and take it easy for the rest of the day.
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Immediately After
Surgery
After the
surgical procedure, you may be sensitive to light and have a feeling
that something is in your eye. You may experience minor discomfort
after the procedure. Your doctor may prescribe pain medication to
make you more comfortable during the first few days after the
surgery. You should contact your eye
doctor immediately if you have severe pain.
You should see your
eye doctor the day after surgery. Your doctor will remove the patch
and/or shield and will check your vision and the condition of your
eye. Your doctor will instruct you on how to use the eye
drops that you were prescribed for after the
surgery. You will need to take these drops for up to a few
weeks after surgery to decrease inflammation and help prevent
infection. Your doctor may instruct you to continue wearing the
shield all day and all night or just at night. You should wear the
shield until your doctor tells you that you no longer have to do so.
The shield is meant to prevent you from rubbing your eye or putting
pressure on your eye while you sleep and to protect your eye from
accidentally being hit or poked while it is healing.
As You Recover
Your vision will
probably be somewhat hazy or blurry for the first several days after
surgery. Your vision should start to improve after the first several
days, but may continue to fluctuate for the next several weeks. It
usually takes about 2 to 4 weeks for the vision to stabilize. Do NOT
rub your eyes, especially for the first 3 to 5 days. You may also
experience sensitivity to light, glare, starbursts or halos around
lights, or the whites of your eye may look red or bloodshot. These
symptoms should decrease as your eye recovers over the next several
weeks.
You
should contact your doctor immediately
if you develop severe pain or if your vision or other symptoms get
worse instead of better. Follow all postoperative instructions
given to you by your surgeon and surgical center.
Remember to:
-
Wash your hands
before putting drops in your eye.
-
Use the prescribed
medications to help minimize the risk of infection and
inflammation. Serious infection or inflammation can result in loss
of vision.
-
Try not to get
water in your eyes until your doctor says it is okay to do so.
-
Try not to bend
from the waist to pick up objects on the floor, as this can cause
undue pressure to your eyes. Do not lift any heavy objects.
-
Do not engage in
any strenuous activity until your doctor says it is okay to do so.
It will take about 8 weeks for your eye to heal.
Long-term
Your doctor will
instruct you to return for additional follow-up visits to monitor
your progress. Initially, these visits will be closer together (a
few days to a few weeks apart) and then they will be spread out
(several weeks to several months apart). It is important to go to
all these appointments, even if you think you are doing well, so
that the doctor can check for complications that you may not be
aware of.
Because you will have
a permanent implant in your eye with long-term risks, and especially
since all these risks are not known at this time, you will
need to be followed by an eye doctor on a regular basis for the rest
of your life. Endothelial cell counts will have to be performed on a
regular basis. You and/or your doctor should maintain records of
these measurements, so as to be able to estimate the rate of cell
loss. It is especially important for you to have your
endothelial cells counted before you and your eye doctor consider
any other intraocular procedures, such as cataract surgery, that
will decrease the endothelial cell count even further.
Annual eye exams are
usually recommended. However, if you have any problems with your
vision or your eyes, such as flashing lights, floating spots, or
blank spots in your vision (symptoms of a retinal detachment), you
should see an eye doctor right away and inform him or her that you
have a phakic lens implant. When participating in sports or other
activities during which you might injure your eye, like home
improvement work, always wear protective eye wear, such as safety
goggles.
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|
|
Use the following checklist to help you guide your discussion with
your doctor about phakic lenses.
Know what makes you
a poor candidate
-
Do I have any
conditions that would increase my risks?
-
Are the size of my
pupils under low lighting conditions bigger than the size of the
lens? If so, what are my additional risks?
-
Is my anterior
chamber shallow? If so, what are my additional risks?
Know all the
benefits, risks, and alternatives
-
What are the
benefits of the phakic lens for my amount of nearsightedness?
-
What are the risks
of having the phakic lens implanted?
-
What is my risk of
needing a corneal transplant in the future, if I have the phakic
lens implanted, based on my age and my endothelial cell count?
-
What could happen
if I get hit in the eye or head after phakic lens implantation
that might be different from what could happen if I did not have
the lens implanted? Are my chances greater for a more severe
injury after phakic lens implantation?
-
Can the phakic lens
be removed? What are the risks of removing the phakic lens?
-
What other options
are available for correcting my nearsightedness?
Know preoperative,
operative, and postoperative expectations
-
Will I need to
limit my activities after treatment? If so, for how long?
-
What quality of
vision can I expect in the first week, first few months, and a
year after surgery?
-
What is the
possibility that the phakic lens will not completely correct my
vision or that my prescription might be worse than before surgery?
What options for additional treatment will be available to me, if
needed?
-
How likely is it
that I will need to wear glasses or contact lenses immediately
after surgery and as I grow older?
-
Should I have the
phakic lens implanted in both eyes?
-
What vision
problems might I experience if I have the phakic lens implanted in
only one eye?
-
How long will I
have to wait before having surgery on my other eye?
Know what the costs
are
-
How much will the
surgery and follow-up cost? Will my health insurance cover this
surgery?
-
Will there be
additional costs if I need additional procedures because the
phakic lens implanted in my eye is too strong or too weak or
because I have astigmatism? What is the likelihood of this
happening?
|
|
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|
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How do I get more information?
There are several ways of reaching the ophthalmologists of EYE REPUBLIC Ophthalmology Clinic:
Hover note: Please place your mouse cursor over the red box
to click on the web and email links. For websites, a new browser
window will open. For emails, your default email program will
open. You may cut and paste the URLs or email addresses if you
prefer not to open new windows.
ONLINE ACCESS
WEBSITES.
http://www.EyeRepublic.com.ph - EYE REPUBLIC
Ophthalmology Clinic
http://www.OCP.com.ph - Ophthalmic
Consultants Philippines Co. -
http://www.LASIK.com.ph - Refractive
Surgery Resource
http://www.Cataract.com.ph - Cataract Surgery Resource
http://www.Eye.com.ph - Eye
Information Online
http://www.EyeDoc4Kids.com.ph - Eye Information for Kids
http://www.Retina.com.ph - Retina
Surgery Resource
http://www.Glaucoma.com.ph - Glaucoma
Online
http://www.Uveitis.com.ph - Uveitis Online
EMAIL. After writing down your comments,
suggestions, problems and/or questions, kindly tell us how
to get in touch with you by providing your name, email,
home/office numbers, and mobile phone.
General inquiries - help@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Refractive Surgery Service - refractive.surgery@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Glaucoma Service - glaucoma@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Cataract Service - cataract@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Doctors - eyemd@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Administrative - president@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Website - webmaster@EyeRepublic.com.ph
Newsletter -
newsletter@EyeRepublic.com.ph (receive
news and updates, discounts and promotions)
BLOG. Send us your comments.
EYE REPUBLIC
Ophthalmology Atlas
CLINIC INFORMATION
Mobile E-Yellow Pages. Via
SMS, text LUK4 EYEREPUBLIC
(send to 2851 for Globe and Sun Cellular, and 2951 for Smart). |
EYE REPUBLIC Ophthalmology Clinic
Manila
3/F Don Santiago Building Units 309-310
1344 Taft Avenue, Ermita
Manila, 1000 Philippines
Direct and Fax: (632) 536-2398
Trunk Line: (632) 523-8271 to 79 local 30
Mobile: (63917) 899-2020
Map and directions
|
EYE REPUBLIC
Ophthalmology Clinic
Asian Hospital
and Medical Center
5/F Medical Office
Building (MOB) Suite 509
2205 Civic Drive,
Filinvest, Alabang
Muntinlupa City,
1781 Philippines
Direct:
(632) 771-9253
Direct and Fax:
(632) 771-9254
Mobile: (63917) 795-2020
Map and Directions
|
EYE REPUBLIC Ophthalmology Clinic
Medical City
6/F Medical Arts Tower Inc (MATI) Suite 602
MERALCO Compound, Ortigas Avenue
Pasig City, 1604, Philippines
Direct and Fax: (632) 632-7846
Mobile: (63917) 537-2020
Map and directions
|
EYE REPUBLIC
Ophthalmology Clinic
St. Luke's
Medical Center
6/F
Cathedral Heights Building Complex (CHBC)
North Tower Suite 614
279 E. Rodriguez
Sr. Boulevard
Quezon City, 1102
Philippines
Direct and Fax:
(632) 407-3883
Mobile: (63917) 855-2020
Map and directions
|
CLINIC HOURS
First-Come, First-Served
Monday to Saturday 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM
All clinics are closed on Sundays and Holidays
|
|
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PHAKIC IOL
information compiled by
Dr. Manolette R.
Roque and initially uploaded on June 3, 2005.
Last updated on
January 02, 2009.
Image courtesy of
http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/phakic/
Information courtesy of http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/phakic/whatare.html |
Phakic intraocular lenses. 
